NEW ETHNOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO THE RESEARCH OF MAIN DECORATIVE-APPLIED ARTS OF GANJA OF THE XIX-XX CENTURIES

 

ПОД- СЕКЦИЯ 11. Этнология.

Guliyeva N.M.,

doctor of historical sciences, professor

                      Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, (Baku)

Hasanov E.L.,

post-graduate, scholar

                                      Ganja Regional Scientific Centre of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, (Ganja)

 

NEW ETHNOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO THE RESEARCH OF MAIN DECORATIVE-APPLIED ARTS OF GANJA OF THE XIX-XX CENTURIES

 

During centuries in Ganja have been developed the different branches of decorative-applied art. This city - homeland of great Azerbaijani poet and philosopher Nizami Ganjavi, has more than 3000 years old. Late in XIX – early in XX centuries in this cultural centre were developed such traditional handicraft branches as carpet-making, masonry, ceramics trade, metal-making trades. Many different wares of these handicraft branches are guarded in museums. In Ganja in the territory of Ganja State Historical-Local Lore Museum named after Nizami Ganjavi some unique patterns of different kinds of local traditional decorative – applied art are preserved, too.

Investigation and also teaching of these  handicraft branches of Ganja of the XIX-XX centuries is very necessary. On the basis of scientific materials it is very important to research different wares of decorative-applied arts of ancient Ganja:

1. In Ganja during many centuries ceramic trade was one the main handicraft branches. Different  wares of this kind of decorative-applied art were considered as the qualitative and graceful patterns in whole of the country. Ceramic patterns of Ganja of the XIX-XX centuries have many characteristic handicraft features.

During this historical period in Ganja have been prepared different ceramic wares with various constructive – plastic forms. Seheng, shegreng, kupe, jurdeck, kuze were the main water crockeries of Ganja in the XIX-XX centuries [1, p. 15]. Basic kitchen ceramic utensils were considered cholmek, qazan, qazancha, kuvey, dopu, helimdun, ashsyuzen and others [2, p. 37].

The most part of earthenwares of Ganja during this period had different local traditional ornaments. Many of these wares are decorated with geometric, botanical designs and figures of domestic, also wild animals, but always graceful and effective. The major part of these traditional ceramic wares of  Ganja have stamps (handicraft stamps). Late in XIX – early in XX centuries in this ancient city was a great district -“mehelle”, which called “Duluschular” (“Potters”). In the territory of this district during many centuries lived and worked craftsmen of this trade [3, p. 120; 4, p. 339]. 

We propose a motion for investigation, also teaching of ceramic trade of Ganja just in this city. At first, in the territory of Javad khan street of Ganja this year (in 2012) was built the scientific - applied centre of national traditional ceramic trade. Here it is possible to product different pottery wares. Also, in Ganja Regional Scientific Centre of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences were compiled and published some scientific-methodical monographes, articles on the theme  of investigation of ceramics trade of Ganja by scientists [5, p. 133; 6, p. 211].

2. In the XIX-XX centuries in Ganja one of the main traditional handicraft branches was a masonry trade. During this historical period masonry trade differed with its speedy development.

For this period masonry trade was considered the basic indicator of development of local traditional architecture. Main and more popular wares of masonry trade of Ganja in the XIX-XX centuries were: architectural and construction buildings [7; 8], epigraphic monuments, epitaphes (sepulchral stones with calligraphy) [3; 12].

Basic  models of the national masonry trade of Ganja for this period are considered the dwelling houses and public buildings. Common quantity of these historical buildings is more than  200. But the main epigraphical wares of Ganja of this period are stony models (“shebeke”) and stells of Ganja  Imamzadeh tomb, also Shah Abbas mosque.

   In Ganja there are many epitaphes wares. During XIX-XX centuries here lived some popular lapidaries. In “Sebzikar” grave-yard, also in the territory of cemetery of “Imamzadeh” complex there are more than 150 epitaphes of this historical period. These epitaphes are considered the main sepulchral stones with calligraphy of the XIX-XX centuries of Ganja [10, p. 115; 11].

3. During XIX-XX centuries in Ganja were produced different kinds of local national carpets. These wares are important historical-ethnographical sources. In Ganja during XIX-XX centuries were prepared such carpet – making trade  wares as khalcha, palaz, kylim, khaly, kebe, chul, verny and etc. During many centuries carpets of  Ganja differed from other carpet wares for their typical handicraft features. This carpet kind had very various decorative-ornamental characteristics. Buta, also different geometric and botanical ornaments are considered as the basic decorative-handicraft accounts of local traditional carpet wares of Ganja  [2, p. 36-37].

We must say, that is very necessary to teach the main handicraft features of traditional decorative-applied arts of Ganja of the XIX-XX centuries. Also in Ganja Regional Scientific Centre of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences during 2010-2012 years were systematic investigated the basic national characteristics of these trades and published some scientific works [2-7]. In the future we have to continue our researches in the field of learning, investigation and teaching of  these  main traditional handicraft branches not only in Ganja, but also in whole territory of the Azerbaijan Republic.

 

 

 

 

 

Literature:

 

1. The dawn of Art. Leningrad: Aurora Art Publishers, 1974, 196 p.

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 3. Quliyeva N.M., Həsənov E.L.  Gəncəbasarın antik və ilk orta əsrlər dövrü saxsı məmulatının tarixi-etnoqrafik tədqiqi  //  Bakı Universitetinin Xəbərləri. Humanitar elmlər seriyası,  Bakı, 2012, № 1, s. 119-123

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10. Эвлия Челеби.  Книга путешествия, вып. III, М., 1983, с. 114-120

11. Azərbaycan incəsənəti. VIII cild, Bakı: Elm, 1959, 276 s.

12. Azərbaycan etnoqrafiyası: 3 cilddə, I c., Bakı: Şərq-Qərb, 2007, 544 s.